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Crotalus horridus
''Crotalus horridus'', commonly known as the timber rattlesnake, canebrake rattlesnake or banded rattlesnake,〔Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. ''Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. Comstock Publishing Associates. Ithaca and London. (7th printing, 1985). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. (''Crotalus horridus'', pp. 956–966.)〕 is a species of venomous pit viper endemic to the eastern United States. This is the only rattlesnake species in most of the populous northeastern United States and is second only to its cousins to the west, the prairie rattlesnake, as the most northerly distributed venomous snake in North America.〔Conant R. 1975. ''A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition''. First published in 1958. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston. ISBN 0-395-19979-4. (''Crotalus horridus'', pp. 233–235 + Plate 35 + Map 178.)〕〔Brown, W. S. (1991). ''Female reproductive ecology in a northern population of the timber rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus''. Herpetologica, 101-115.〕 No subspecies is currently recognized.
==Description==
Adults usually grow to total length of 91–152 cm (35.8–59.8 in).〔 It was found in Pennsylvania that the smallest size females could produce viable eggs was .〔Galligan, J. H., & Dunson, W. A. (1979). ''Biology and status of timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) populations in Pennsylvania''. Biological Conservation, 15(1), 13-58.〕 Most adult timber rattlesnakes found measure less than in total length and weigh on average between , often being towards the lower end of that weight range.〔(Timber Rattlesnake (''Crotalus horridus'') ). Tpwd.state.tx.us. Retrieved on 2013-01-05.〕〔Fitch, H. S., Pisani, G. R., & Greene, H. W. (2004). ''A FIELD STUDY OF THE TIMBER RATTLESNAKE lN LEAVENWORTH COUNTY, KANSAS''. Journal of Kansas Herpetology Number, 1, 18.〕〔Brown, W. S., Kéry, M., & Hines, J. E. (2007). ''Survival of timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) estimated by capture-recapture models in relation to age, sex, color morph, time, and birthplace''. Copeia, 2007(3), 656-671.〕〔Clark, R. W. (2006). ''Fixed videography to study predation behavior of an ambush foraging snake, Crotalus horridus''. Copeia, 2006(2), 181-187.〕 The maximum reported total length is 189.2 cm (74.5 in) (Klauber, 1956). Holt (1924) mentions a large specimen caught in Montgomery County, Alabama, which had a total length of 159 cm (62.6 in) and weighed .〔 〕 Large specimens can reportedly weigh as much as .〔(ANIMAL BYTES – Canebrake Rattlesnake ). Seaworld.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-05.〕
The dorsal scales are keeled〔 (''Crotalus horridus'', pp. 688-689 + Plates 619, 620, 653.)〕 and arranged in 21–26 scale rows at midbody (usually 25 rows in the southern part of its geographic range, and 23 rows in the northern part). The ventral scales number 158-177 in males and 163–183 in females. Males have 20–30 subcaudal scales, while females have 15–26. The rostral scale is normally a little higher than it is wide. In the internasal-prefrontal area there are 4–22 scales that include 2 large, triangular internasal scales that border the rostral, followed by 2 large, quadrangular prefrontal scales (anterior canthals) that may contact each other along the midline, or may be separated by many small scales. Between the supraocular and internasal, only a single canthal scale is present. There are 5–7 intersupraocular scales. The number of prefoveal scales varies between 2 and 8. Usually the first supralabial scale is in broad contact with the prenasal scale, although slightly to moderately separated along its posteroventral margin by the most anterior prefoveals.〔
Dorsally, they have a pattern of dark brown or black crossbands on a yellowish brown or grayish background. The crossbands have irregular zig-zag edges, and may be V-shaped or M-shaped. Often a rust-colored vertebral stripe is present. Ventrally they are yellowish, uniform or marked with black.〔Boulenger, G.A.. 1896. ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ''. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (''Crotalus horridus'', pp. 578–580.)〕 Melanism is common, and some individuals are very dark, almost solid black.〔Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis. 1941. ''Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York. 365 pp. (''Crotalus horridus horridus'', pp. 301-302 + Plate 33; ''Crotalus horridus atricaudatus'', p. 302.)〕
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